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Reporting and Analysis

Reporting

Whether a report is prepared by an outside expert or a department compiles information for a report to be released to the public, there are a number of important reporting details to consider. Some jurisdictions have implemented data collection systems with little thought about how information will be disseminated to the public or, more importantly, how it will be used to create an effective police-community dialogue about police operations. This section discusses reporting challenges and suggests a model of community-police task forces that may be used to facilitate meaningful reporting and discussion of racial profiling data.

One of the first steps in the reporting process is to provide some basic background information about the characteristics of traffic stops in the particular jurisdiction. Such information might include a description of the number of traffic citations and warnings by month, day of week, time of day, the reason for the citation or warning, in state vs. out of state license, age of driver, residence of driver, and if the citation resulted from an accident.

Although traffic enforcement is one of the most common activities engaged in by police agencies departments and municipalities often have only limited information about the characteristics of local traffic enforcement activity. Additionally, such background data will provide some contextual information about the character of traffic enforcement in each community or jurisdiction.

Beyond providing information about the demographics and character of traffic stops during the reporting process, it may also be useful to compare the stop demographics to an appropriate comparative population. For more information about comparative populations and data analysis techniques see the discussion of internal and external benchmarks and analysis of search data.

View year: 2000 2002

How to Correctly Collect and Analyze Racial Profiling Data: Your Reputation Depends On It, Final Report for: Racial Profiling–Data Collection and Analysis. Joyce McMahon, Joel Garner, Captain Ron Davis, Amanda Kraus. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2002.
Focuses on key issues regarding the collection of racial profiling data. This project provided technical assistance to four police agencies (Baltimore, Phoenix, Chattanooga, and St. Paul), conducted a literature review of relevant published data, and assessed existing and planned data collection and analysis techniques employed by law enforcement agencies.

ANALYSIS OF RACIAL DISPARITIES IN THE NEW YORK CITY POLICE DEPARTMENT'S STOP, QUESTION, AND FRISK PRACTICES

RAND Corporation

In 2006, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) stopped a half-million pedestrians for suspected criminal involvement. Raw statistics for these encounters suggest large racial disparities — 89 percent of the stops involved nonwhites. Do these statistics point to racial bias in police officers’ decisions to stop particular pedestrians? Do they indicate that officers are particularly intrusive when stopping nonwhites? The NYPD asked the RAND Center on Quality Policing (CQP) to help it understand this issue and identify recommendations for addressing potential problems. CQP researchers analyzed data on all street encounters between NYPD officers and pedestrians in 2006. They compared the racial distribution of stops to external benchmarks, attempts to construct what the racial distribution of the stopped pedestrians would have been if officers’ stop decisions had been racially unbiased. Then they compared each officer’s stopping patterns with an internal benchmark constructed from stops in similar circumstances made by other officers. Finally, they examined stop outcomes, assessing whether stopped white and nonwhite suspects have different rates of frisk, search, use of force, and arrest. They found small racial differences in these rates and make communication, recordkeeping, and training recommendations to the NYPD for improving police-pedestrian interactions.

ARIZONA: RACIAL PROFILING BY POLICE MUST BE STOPPED, PANEL SAYS

A civil-rights panel will recommend that Arizona police agencies take more steps to combat racial profiling after community leaders raised concerns. The recommendations could include better police training, mandatory data collection by police agencies to help detect patterns of racial profiling, and the creation of an independent citizen commission to investigate racial-profiling complaints.

MISSOURI: RACIAL PROFILING REPORT RELEASE

The Annual Racial Profiling Report of 2007 shows African Americans are more likely to get searched after being pulled over in Columbia. The state mandated the report in 2000 as a nationwide effort to provide transparency in police departments.

KANSAS: SENATE CONSIDERS RACIAL PROFILING BILL

In Topeka, Kansas a new bill could mean a difference in policing practices. The bill would make it illegal for law enforcement to use race as the sole factor in selecting which individuals are subject to routine investigatory activities. It would also create a task force on racial profiling. The bill would require law enforcement agencies to submit annual reports, and mandate two hours of racial profile training for officers. The Senate committee has yet to vote to advance the bill.

WEST VIRGINIA: RACIAL PROFILING STATE PROBLEM?

An ongoing study of whether racial profiling by police is a problem in West Virginia shows that black drivers across the state last year were 1 1/2 times more likely to be stopped than whites.Black drivers statewide were also twice as likely as white drivers to have their cars searched in those same traffic stops, the just-released report states.
The figures come from a statistical analysis of reports over a six-month period from nearly all law enforcement agencies in the state. The Statistical Analysis Center of the state Division of Criminal Justice Services is doing the study in response to a 2006 law. The study will continue this year, with a final report expected in 2009.

CALIFORNIA: HRC: POLICE 'PROFILING' DATA STILL NEEDED

The Human Relations Commission decided that Palo Alto police officers should continue collecting racial and gender data about individual traffic stops however only one, not two, reports per year should be generated. The change, which the commission suggested for a one-year trial period, should save the department about 200 hours a year.